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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pixel</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="Pixel_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pixel (disambiguation)">Pixel (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

<p>In <a href="Digital_imaging" title="Digital imaging">digital imaging</a>, a <b>pixel</b> (abbreviated <b>px</b>), <b>pel</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>picture element</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the smallest addressable element in a <a href="Raster_graphics" title="Raster graphics">raster image</a>, or the smallest addressable element in a <a href="Dot_matrix" title="Dot matrix">dot matrix</a> <a href="Display_device" title="Display device">display device</a>. In most digital <a href="Display_device" title="Display device">display devices</a>, pixels are the smallest element that can be manipulated through software. (67)

</p><p>Each pixel is a <a href="Sampling_(signal_processing)" title="Sampling (signal processing)">sample</a> of an original image; more samples typically provide more accurate representations of the original. The <a href="Intensity_(physics)" title="Intensity (physics)">intensity</a> of each pixel is variable. In color imaging systems, a color is typically represented by three or four component intensities such as <a href="RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">red, green, and blue</a>, or <a href="CMYK_color_model" title="CMYK color model">cyan, magenta, yellow, and black</a>.

</p><p>In some contexts (such as descriptions of <a href="Camera_sensor" class="mw-redirect" title="Camera sensor">camera sensors</a>), <i>pixel</i> refers to a single scalar element of a multi-component representation (called a <i>photosite</i> in the camera sensor context, although <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sensel" class="extiw external" title="wikt:sensel">sensel</a></i> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">sensor element</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> is sometimes used),<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while in yet other contexts (like MRI) it may refer to a set of component intensities for a spatial position.

</p><p><a href="Software" title="Software">Software</a> on early consumer computers was necessarily rendered at a low resolution, with large pixels visible to the naked eye; graphics made under these limitations may be called <a href="Pixel_art" title="Pixel art">pixel art</a>, especially in reference to video games. Modern computers and displays, however, can easily render orders of magnitude more pixels than was previously possible, necessitating the use of large measurements like the <a href="#Megapixel">megapixel</a> (one million pixels).

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div>

<p>The word <i>pixel</i> is a combination of <i>pix</i> (from "pictures", shortened to "pics") and <i>el</i> (for "<i><a href="Data_element" title="Data element">element</a></i>"); similar formations with '<i>el'</i> include the words <i><a href="Voxel" title="Voxel">voxel</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-JF_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JF-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">volume pixel</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, and <a href="Texel_(graphics)" title="Texel (graphics)"><i>texel</i></a> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">texture pixel</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-JF_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JF-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word <i>pix</i> appeared in <i><a href="Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a></i> magazine headlines in 1932, as an abbreviation for the word <i>pictures</i>, in reference to movies.<sup id="cite_ref-onetdict_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onetdict-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1938, "pix" was being used in reference to still pictures by photojournalists.<sup id="cite_ref-lyon_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lyon-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The word "pixel" was first published in 1965 by <a href="Frederic_C._Billingsley" title="Frederic C. Billingsley">Frederic C. Billingsley</a> of <a href="Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">JPL</a>, to describe the picture elements of scanned images from <a href="Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">space probes</a> to the Moon and Mars.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Billingsley had learned the word from Keith E. McFarland, at the Link Division of General Precision in <a href="Palo_Alto%2C_California" title="Palo Alto, California">Palo Alto</a>, who in turn said he did not know where it originated. McFarland said simply it was "in use at the time" (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1963</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-lyon_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lyon-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The concept of a "picture element" dates to the earliest days of television, for example as "<i>Bildpunkt</i>" (the German word for <i>pixel</i>, literally 'picture point') in the 1888 German patent of <a href="Paul_Nipkow" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Nipkow">Paul Nipkow</a>. According to various etymologies, the earliest publication of the term <i>picture element</i> itself was in <i><a href="Wireless_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless World">Wireless World</a></i> magazine in 1927,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though it had been used earlier in various U.S. patents filed as early as 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Some authors explain <i>pixel</i> as <i>picture cell,</i> as early as 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="Graphics" title="Graphics">graphics</a> and in image and video processing, <i>pel</i> is often used instead of <i>pixel</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, IBM used it in their Technical Reference for the <a href="IBM_Personal_Computer" title="IBM Personal Computer">original PC</a>.

</p><p><a href="Pixilation" title="Pixilation">Pixilation</a>, spelled with a second <i>i</i>, is an unrelated filmmaking technique that dates to the beginnings of cinema, in which live actors are posed frame by frame and photographed to create stop-motion animation. An archaic British word meaning "possession by spirits (<a href="Pixie" title="Pixie">pixies</a>)", the term has been used to describe the animation process since the early 1950s; various animators, including <a href="Norman_McLaren" title="Norman McLaren">Norman McLaren</a> and <a href="Grant_Munro_(filmmaker)" title="Grant Munro (filmmaker)">Grant Munro</a>, are credited with popularizing it.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technical">Technical</h2></div>

<p><span class="nowrap">A pixel is generally</span> thought of as the smallest single component of a <a href="Digital_image" title="Digital image">digital image</a>. However, the definition is highly context-sensitive. For example, there can be "<a href="CMYK" class="mw-redirect" title="CMYK">printed pixels</a>" in a page, or pixels carried by electronic signals, or represented by digital values, or pixels on a display device, or pixels in a <a href="Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital camera</a> (photosensor elements). This list is not exhaustive and, depending on context, synonyms include pel, sample, byte, bit, dot, and spot. <i>Pixels</i> can be used as a unit of measure such as: 2400 pixels per inch, 640 pixels per line, or spaced 10 pixels apart.

</p>

<p>The measures "<a href="Dots_per_inch" title="Dots per inch">dots per inch</a>" (dpi) and "<a href="Pixels_per_inch" class="mw-redirect" title="Pixels per inch">pixels per inch</a>" (ppi) are sometimes used interchangeably, but have distinct meanings, especially for printer devices, where dpi is a measure of the printer's density of dot (e.g. ink droplet) placement.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, a high-quality photographic image may be printed with 600 ppi on a 1200 dpi inkjet printer.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even higher dpi numbers, such as the 4800 dpi quoted by printer manufacturers since 2002, do not mean much in terms of achievable <a href="Image_resolution" title="Image resolution">resolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The more pixels used to represent an image, the closer the result can resemble the original. The number of pixels in an image is sometimes called the resolution, though resolution has a more specific definition. Pixel counts can be expressed as a single number, as in a "three-megapixel" digital camera, which has a nominal three million pixels, or as a pair of numbers, as in a "640 by 480 display", which has 640 pixels from side to side and 480 from top to bottom (as in a <a href="Video_Graphics_Array" title="Video Graphics Array">VGA</a> display) and therefore has a total number of 640 × 480 = 307,200 pixels, or 0.3 megapixels.

</p><p>The pixels, or color samples, that form a digitized image (such as a <a href="JPEG" title="JPEG">JPEG</a> file used on a web page) may or may not be in one-to-one <a href="Bijection" title="Bijection">correspondence</a> with screen pixels, depending on how a computer displays an image. In computing, an image composed of pixels is known as a <i><a href="Bitmap" title="Bitmap">bitmapped image</a></i> or a <i><a href="Raster_graphics" title="Raster graphics">raster image</a></i>. The word <i>raster</i> originates from <a href="Raster_scan" title="Raster scan">television scanning</a> patterns, and has been widely used to describe similar <a href="Halftone" title="Halftone">halftone</a> printing and storage techniques.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sampling_patterns">Sampling patterns</h3></div>

<p>For convenience, pixels are normally arranged in a <a href="Regular_grid" title="Regular grid">regular two-dimensional grid</a>. By using this arrangement, many common operations can be implemented by uniformly applying the same operation to each pixel independently. Other arrangements of pixels are possible, with some sampling patterns even changing the shape (or <a href="Convolution_kernel" class="mw-redirect" title="Convolution kernel">kernel</a>) of each pixel across the image. For this reason, care must be taken when acquiring an image on one device and displaying it on another, or when converting image data from one pixel format to another.

</p><p>For example:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Liquid_crystal_display" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid crystal display">LCD screens</a> typically use a staggered grid, where the red, green, and blue components are sampled at slightly different locations. <a href="Subpixel_rendering" title="Subpixel rendering">Subpixel rendering</a> is a technology which takes advantage of these differences to improve the rendering of text on LCD screens.</li>

<li>The vast majority of color digital cameras use a <a href="Bayer_filter" title="Bayer filter">Bayer filter</a>, resulting in a regular grid of pixels where the <i>color</i> of each pixel depends on its position on the grid.</li>

<li>A <a href="Clipmap" title="Clipmap">clipmap</a> uses a hierarchical sampling pattern, where the size of the <a href="Support_(mathematics)" title="Support (mathematics)">support</a> of each pixel depends on its location within the hierarchy.</li>

<li>Warped grids are used when the underlying geometry is non-planar, such as images of the earth from space.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>The use of non-uniform grids is an active research area, attempting to bypass the traditional <a href="Nyquist_rate" title="Nyquist rate">Nyquist limit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Pixels on computer monitors are normally "square" (that is, have equal horizontal and vertical sampling pitch); pixels in other systems are often "rectangular" (that is, have unequal horizontal and vertical sampling pitch – oblong in shape), as are <a href="Digital_video" title="Digital video">digital video</a> formats with diverse <a href="Pixel_aspect_ratio" title="Pixel aspect ratio">aspect ratios</a>, such as the <a href="Anamorphic_widescreen" title="Anamorphic widescreen">anamorphic widescreen</a> formats of the <a href="Rec._601" title="Rec. 601">Rec. 601</a> digital video standard.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resolution_of_computer_monitors">Resolution of computer monitors</h3></div>

<p>Computer monitors (and TV sets) generally have a fixed <a href="Native_resolution" title="Native resolution">native resolution</a>. What it is depends on the monitor, and size. See below for historical exceptions.

</p><p>Computers can use pixels to display an image, often an abstract image that represents a <a href="GUI" class="mw-redirect" title="GUI">GUI</a>. The resolution of this image is called the display resolution and is determined by the <a href="Video_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Video card">video card</a> of the computer. <a href="Flat-panel_monitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Flat-panel monitor">Flat-panel monitors</a> (and TV sets), e.g. <a href="OLED" title="OLED">OLED</a> or <a href="LCD" class="mw-redirect" title="LCD">LCD</a> monitors, or <a href="Electronic_paper" title="Electronic paper">E-ink</a>, also use pixels to display an image, and have a <a href="Native_resolution" title="Native resolution">native resolution</a>, and it should (ideally) be matched to the video card resolution. Each pixel is made up of <a href="Triad_(monitors)" title="Triad (monitors)">triads</a>, with the number of these triads determining the native resolution.

</p><p>On older, historically available, <a href="Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">CRT</a> monitors the resolution was possibly adjustable (still lower than what modern monitor achieve), while on some such monitors (or TV sets) the beam sweep rate was fixed, resulting in a fixed native resolution. Most CRT monitors do not have a fixed beam sweep rate, meaning they do not have a native resolution at all – instead they have a set of resolutions that are equally well supported. To produce the sharpest images possible on a flat-panel, e.g. OLED or LCD, the user must ensure the display resolution of the computer matches the native resolution of the monitor.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resolution_of_telescopes">Resolution of telescopes</h3></div>

<p>The pixel scale used in <a href="Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a> is the angular distance between two objects on the sky that fall one pixel apart on the detector (CCD or infrared chip). The scale <span class="texhtml"><i>s</i></span> measured in <a href="Radian" title="Radian">radians</a> is the ratio of the pixel spacing <span class="texhtml"><i>p</i></span> and <a href="Focal_length" title="Focal length">focal length</a> <span class="texhtml"><i>f</i></span> of the preceding optics, <span class="texhtml"><i>s</i> = <i>p / f</i></span>. (The focal length is the product of the <a href="F-number" title="F-number">focal ratio</a> by the diameter of the associated lens or mirror.)

</p><p>Because <span class="texhtml"><i>s</i></span> is usually expressed in units of <a href="Arcsecond" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcsecond">arcseconds</a> per pixel, because 1 radian equals (180/π) × 3600 ≈ 206,265 arcseconds, and because focal lengths are often given in millimeters and pixel sizes in micrometers which yields another factor of 1,000, the formula is often quoted as <span class="texhtml"><i>s</i> = 206 <i>p / f</i></span>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bits_per_pixel">Bits per pixel</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Color_depth" title="Color depth">Color depth</a></div>

<p>The number of distinct colors that can be represented by a pixel depends on the number of bits per pixel (bpp). A 1 bpp image uses 1 bit for each pixel, so each pixel can be either on or off. Each additional bit doubles the number of colors available, so a 2 bpp image can have 4 colors, and a 3 bpp image can have 8 colors:

</p>

<ul><li>1 bpp, 2<sup>1</sup> = 2 colors (<a href="Binary_image" title="Binary image">monochrome</a>)</li>

<li>2 bpp, 2<sup>2</sup> = 4 colors</li>

<li>3 bpp, 2<sup>3</sup> = 8 colors</li>

<li>4 bpp, 2<sup>4</sup> = 16 colors</li>

<li>8 bpp, 2<sup>8</sup> = 256 colors</li>

<li>16 bpp, 2<sup>16</sup> = 65,536 colors ("<a href="Highcolor" class="mw-redirect" title="Highcolor">Highcolor</a>" )</li>

<li>24 bpp, 2<sup>24</sup> = 16,777,216 colors ("<a href="24-bit_color" class="mw-redirect" title="24-bit color">Truecolor</a>")</li></ul>

<p>For color depths of 15 or more bits per pixel, the depth is normally the sum of the bits allocated to each of the red, green, and blue components. <a href="Highcolor" class="mw-redirect" title="Highcolor">Highcolor</a>, usually meaning 16 bpp, normally has five bits for red and blue each, and six bits for green, as the human eye is more sensitive to errors in green than in the other two primary colors. For applications involving transparency, the 16 bits may be divided into five bits each of red, green, and blue, with one bit left for transparency. A 24-bit depth allows 8 bits per component. On some systems, 32-bit depth is available: this means that each 24-bit pixel has an extra 8 bits to describe its <a href="Opacity_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Opacity (optics)">opacity</a> (for purposes of combining with another image).

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subpixels">Subpixels</h3></div>

<p>Many display and image-acquisition systems are not capable of displaying or sensing the different <a href="Channel_(digital_image)" title="Channel (digital image)">color channels</a> at the same site. Therefore, the pixel grid is divided into single-color regions that contribute to the displayed or sensed color when viewed at a distance. In some displays, such as LCD, LED, and plasma displays, these single-color regions are separately addressable elements, which have come to be known as <b>subpixels</b>, mostly <a href="RGB" class="mw-redirect" title="RGB">RGB</a> colors.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <a href="LCD" class="mw-redirect" title="LCD">LCDs</a> typically divide each pixel vertically into three subpixels. When the square pixel is divided into three subpixels, each subpixel is necessarily rectangular. In display industry terminology, subpixels are often referred to as <i>pixels</i>, as they are the basic addressable elements in a viewpoint of hardware, and hence <i>pixel circuits</i> rather than <i>subpixel circuits</i> is used.

</p>

<p>Most digital camera <a href="Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">image sensors</a> use single-color sensor regions, for example using the <a href="Bayer_filter" title="Bayer filter">Bayer filter</a> pattern, and in the camera industry these are known as <i>pixels</i> just like in the display industry, not <i>subpixels</i>.

</p><p>For systems with subpixels, two different approaches can be taken:

</p>

<ul><li>The subpixels can be ignored, with full-color pixels being treated as the smallest addressable imaging element; or</li>

<li>The subpixels can be included in rendering calculations, which requires more analysis and processing time, but can produce apparently superior images in some cases.</li></ul>

<p>This latter approach, referred to as <a href="Subpixel_rendering" title="Subpixel rendering">subpixel rendering</a>, uses knowledge of <a href="Pixel_geometry" title="Pixel geometry">pixel geometry</a> to manipulate the three colored subpixels separately, producing an increase in the apparent resolution of color displays. While <a href="Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">CRT</a> displays use red-green-blue-masked phosphor areas, dictated by a mesh grid called the shadow mask, it would require a difficult calibration step to be aligned with the displayed pixel raster, and so CRTs do not use subpixel rendering.

</p><p>The concept of subpixels is related to <a href="Sample_(graphics)" title="Sample (graphics)">samples</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Logical_pixel">Logical pixel</h3></div>

<p>In graphic, web design, and user interfaces, a "pixel" may refer to a fixed length rather than a true pixel on the screen to accommodate different <a href="Pixel_densities" class="mw-redirect" title="Pixel densities">pixel densities</a>. A typical definition, such as in <a href="CSS" title="CSS">CSS</a>, is that a "physical" pixel is <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">96</span></span> inch (0.26 mm). Doing so makes sure a given element will display as the same size no matter what screen resolution views it.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>There may, however, be some further adjustments between a "physical" pixel and an on-screen logical pixel. As screens are viewed at difference distances (consider a phone, a computer display, and a TV), the desired length (a "reference pixel") is scaled relative to a reference viewing distance (28 inches (71 cm) in CSS). In addition, as true screen pixel densities are rarely multiples of 96 dpi, some rounding is often applied so that a logical pixel is an integer amount of actual pixels. Doing so avoids render artifacts. The final "pixel" obtained after these two steps becomes the "anchor" to which all other absolute measurements (e.g. the "centimeter") are based on.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Worked example, with a 30-inch (76 cm) 2160p TV placed 56 inches (140 cm) away from the viewer:

</p>

<ul><li>Calculate the scaled pixel size as <span class="texhtml"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">96</span></span> in × (56/28) = <span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">48</span></span> inch (0.53 mm)</span>.</li>

<li>Calculate the DPI of the TV as <span class="texhtml">2160 / (30 in / <span class="nowrap">√<span style="border-top:1px solid; padding:0 0.1em;">9^2 + 16^2</span></span> × 16) ≈ 82.61 dpi</span>.</li>

<li>Calculate the real-pixel count per logical-pixel as <span class="texhtml"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">48</span></span> in × 82.61 dpi ≈ 1.721 pixels</span>.</li></ul>

<p>A browser will then choose to use the 1.721× pixel size, or round to a 2× ratio.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Megapixel">Megapixel</h2></div>

<p>A <b>megapixel</b> (<b>MP</b>) is a million pixels; the term is used not only for the number of pixels in an image but also to express the number of <a href="Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">image sensor</a> elements of <a href="Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital cameras</a> or the number of display elements of <a href="Computer_display" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer display">digital displays</a>. For example, a camera that makes a 2048 × 1536 pixel image (3,145,728 finished image pixels) typically uses a few extra rows and columns of sensor elements and is commonly said to have "3.2 megapixels" or "3.4 megapixels", depending on whether the number reported is the "effective" or the "total" pixel count.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The number of pixels is sometimes quoted as the "resolution" of a photo. This measure of resolution can be calculated by multiplying the width and height of a sensor in pixels.

</p><p>Digital cameras use photosensitive electronics, either <a href="Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">charge-coupled device</a> (CCD) or <a href="CMOS" title="CMOS">complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor</a> (CMOS) image sensors, consisting of a large number of single sensor elements, each of which records a measured intensity level. In most digital cameras, the <a href="Sensor_array" title="Sensor array">sensor array</a> is covered with a patterned color filter mosaic having red, green, and blue regions in the <a href="Bayer_filter" title="Bayer filter">Bayer filter</a> arrangement so that each sensor element can record the intensity of a single primary color of light. The camera interpolates the color information of neighboring sensor elements, through a process called <a href="Demosaicing" title="Demosaicing">demosaicing</a>, to create the final image. These sensor elements are often called "pixels", even though they only record one channel (only red or green or blue) of the final color image. Thus, two of the three color channels for each sensor must be interpolated and a so-called <i>N-megapixel</i> camera that produces an N-megapixel image provides only one-third of the information that an image of the same size could get from a scanner. Thus, certain color contrasts may look fuzzier than others, depending on the allocation of the primary colors (green has twice as many elements as red or blue in the Bayer arrangement).

</p><p><a href="DxO_Labs" title="DxO Labs">DxO Labs</a> invented the <a href="Perceptual_MegaPixel" title="Perceptual MegaPixel">Perceptual MegaPixel</a> (P-MPix) to measure the sharpness that a camera produces when paired to a particular lens – as opposed to the MP a manufacturer states for a camera product, which is based only on the camera's sensor. P-MPix claims to be a more accurate and relevant value for photographers to consider when weighing up camera sharpness.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of mid-2013, the <a href="Sigma_35_mm_f/1.4_DG_HSM_lens" title="Sigma 35 mm f/1.4 DG HSM lens">Sigma 35 mm f/1.4 DG HSM lens</a> mounted on a <a href="Nikon_D800" title="Nikon D800">Nikon D800</a> has the highest measured P-MPix. However, with a value of 23 MP, it still <span class="cleanup-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">wipes off</span> more than one-third of the D800's 36.3 MP sensor.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2019, Xiaomi released the Redmi Note 8 Pro as the world's first <a href="Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphone</a> with 64 MP camera.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On December 12, 2019, Samsung released Samsung A71 that also has a 64 MP camera.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 2019, Xiaomi announced the first camera phone with 108 MP 1/1.33-inch across sensor. The sensor is larger than most of <a href="List_of_bridge_cameras" title="List of bridge cameras">bridge camera</a> with 1/2.3-inch across sensor.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>One new method to add megapixels has been introduced in a <a href="Micro_Four_Thirds_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Micro Four Thirds System">Micro Four Thirds System</a> camera, which only uses a 16 MP sensor but can produce a 64 MP RAW (40 MP JPEG) image by making two exposures, shifting the sensor by a half pixel between them. Using a tripod to take level multi-shots within an instance, the multiple 16 MP images are then combined into a 64 MP image.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

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<ul><li><a href="Computer_display_standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer display standard">Computer display standard</a></li>

<li><a href="Dexel" title="Dexel">Dexel</a></li>

<li><a href="Gigapixel_image" title="Gigapixel image">Gigapixel image</a></li>

<li><a href="Image_resolution" title="Image resolution">Image resolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Intrapixel_and_Interpixel_processing" title="Intrapixel and Interpixel processing">Intrapixel and Interpixel processing</a></li>

<li><a href="LCD_crosstalk" title="LCD crosstalk">LCD crosstalk</a></li>

<li><a href="PenTile_matrix_family" title="PenTile matrix family">PenTile matrix family</a></li>

<li><a href="Pixel_advertising" class="mw-redirect" title="Pixel advertising">Pixel advertising</a></li>

<li><a href="Pixel_art" title="Pixel art">Pixel art</a></li>

<li><a href="Pixel_art_scaling_algorithms" class="mw-redirect" title="Pixel art scaling algorithms">Pixel art scaling algorithms</a></li>

<li><a href="Pixel_aspect_ratio" title="Pixel aspect ratio">Pixel aspect ratio</a></li>

<li><a href="Pixelation" title="Pixelation">Pixelation</a></li>

<li><a href="Pixelization" title="Pixelization">Pixelization</a></li>

<li><a href="Point_(typography)" title="Point (typography)">Point (typography)</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_video_terms" title="Glossary of video terms">Glossary of video terms</a></li>

<li><a href="Voxel" title="Voxel">Voxel</a></li>

<li><a href="Vector_graphics" title="Vector graphics">Vector graphics</a></li></ul></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFFoleyVan_Dam1982" class="citation book cs1">Foley, J. D.; Van Dam, A. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fundamentalsofin00fole"><i>Fundamentals of Interactive Computer Graphics</i></a>. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0201144689</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-JF-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JF_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JF_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJames_D._FoleyAndries_van_DamJohn_F._HughesSteven_K._Fainer1990" class="citation book cs1">James D. Foley; Andries van Dam; John F. Hughes; Steven K. Fainer (1990). "Spatial-partitioning representations; Surface detail". <a href="Computer_Graphics%3A_Principles_and_Practice" title="Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice"><i>Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice</i></a>. The Systems Programming Series. <a href="Addison-Wesley" title="Addison-Wesley">Addison-Wesley</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-201-12110-7</bdi>. <q>These cells are often called <i>voxels</i> (volume elements), in analogy to pixels.</q></cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-onetdict-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-onetdict_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=pixel">"Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101230213602/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=pixel">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-12-30.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-lyon-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lyon_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lyon_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLyon2006" class="citation conference cs1">Lyon, Richard F. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dicklyon.com/tech/Photography/Pixel-SPIE06-Lyon.pdf"><i>A brief history of 'pixel'</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. IS&T/SPIE Symposium on Electronic Imaging. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090219064912/http://www.foveon.com/files/ABriefHistoryofPixel2.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2009-02-19.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fred C. Billingsley, "Processing Ranger and Mariner Photography," in <i>Computerized Imaging Techniques, Proceedings of SPIE</i>, Vol. 0010, pp. XV-1–19, Jan. 1967 (Aug. 1965, San Francisco).</span>

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</style><span class="citation patent" id="CITEREFAlf_Sinding-Larsen1916"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/patents/US1175313">US 1175313</a>, Alf Sinding-Larsen, "Transmission of pictures of moving objects", published 1916-03-14</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=1175313&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Transmission+of+pictures+of+moving+objects&rft.inventor=Alf+Sinding-Larsen&rft.appldate=1911-06-10&rft.pubdate=1916-03-14"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span>

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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTom_Gasek2013" class="citation book cs1">Tom Gasek (17 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8T7VLeWAnq8C&pg=SA2-PA17"><i>Frame by Frame Stop Motion: NonTraditional Approaches to Stop Motion Animation</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 2. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-136-12933-9</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180122150628/https://books.google.com/books?id=8T7VLeWAnq8C&pg=SA2-PA17">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2018.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dpreview.com/news/2001/8/1/jciamegapixel">"Now a megapixel is really a megapixel"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130701200048/http://www.dpreview.com/news/2001/8/1/jciamegapixel">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-07-01.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170508145627/https://www.dxomark.com/Reviews/Looking-for-new-photo-gear-DxOMark-s-Perceptual-Megapixel-can-help-you">"Looking for new photo gear? DxOMark's Perceptual Megapixel can help you!"</a>. <i>DxOMark</i>. 17 December 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dxomark.com/en/Reviews/Looking-for-new-photo-gear-DxOMark-s-Perceptual-Megapixel-can-help-you">the original</a> on 8 May 2017.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130526230825/http://www.dxomark.com/index.php/Lenses/Camera-Lens-Ratings/Optical-Metric-Scores">"Camera Lens Ratings by DxOMark"</a>. <i>DxOMark</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dxomark.com/index.php/Lenses/Camera-Lens-Ratings/Optical-Metric-Scores">the original</a> on 2013-05-26.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAnton_Shilov2019" class="citation web cs1">Anton Shilov (August 31, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190831164113/https://www.anandtech.com/show/14812/worlds-first-smartphone-with-a-64-mp-camera-xiaomis-redmi-note-8-pro">"World's First Smartphone with a 64 MP Camera: Xiaomi's Redmi Note 8 Pro"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.anandtech.com/show/14812/worlds-first-smartphone-with-a-64-mp-camera-xiaomis-redmi-note-8-pro">the original</a> on August 31, 2019.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gsmarena.com/samsung_galaxy_a51_galaxy_a71_specs_price-news-40543.php">"Samsung Galaxy A51 and Galaxy A71 announced: Infinity-O displays and L-shaped quad cameras"</a>. December 12, 2019.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Triggs2020" class="citation web cs1">Robert Triggs (January 16, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.androidauthority.com/xiaomi-mi-note-10-camera-1052077/">"Xiaomi Mi Note 10 camera review: The first 108MP phone camera"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDamien_Demolder2015" class="citation web cs1">Damien Demolder (February 14, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dpreview.com/articles/5476551037/interview-with-setsuya-kataoka-from-olympus-om-d-high-resolution-mode">"Soon, 40MP without the tripod: A conversation with Setsuya Kataoka from Olympus"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150311042437/http://www.dpreview.com/articles/5476551037/interview-with-setsuya-kataoka-from-olympus-om-d-high-resolution-mode">Archived</a> from the original on March 11, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 8,</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alvyray.com/Memos/CG/Microsoft/6_pixel.pdf">A Pixel Is Not A Little Square</a>: Microsoft Memo by computer graphics pioneer Alvy Ray Smith.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D6n2Esh4jDY">"Pixels and Me"</a>, 2016 lecture by <a href="Richard_F._Lyon" title="Richard F. Lyon">Richard F. Lyon</a> at the <a href="Computer_History_Museum" title="Computer History Museum">Computer History Museum</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lurkertech.com/lg/pixelaspect/">Square and non-Square Pixels</a>: Technical info on pixel aspect ratios of modern video standards (480i, 576i, 1080i, 720p), plus software implications.</li></ul>

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</style><div id="Computer_graphics188" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Computer_graphics_(computer_science)" title="Computer graphics (computer science)">Computer graphics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Vector_graphics" title="Vector graphics">Vector graphics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Diffusion_curve" title="Diffusion curve">Diffusion curve</a></li>

</ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="2D_computer_graphics" title="2D computer graphics">2D graphics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alpha_compositing" title="Alpha compositing">Alpha compositing</a></li>

<li><a href="Layers_(digital_image_editing)" title="Layers (digital image editing)">Layers</a></li>

<li><a href="Text-to-image_model" title="Text-to-image model">Text-to-image</a></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="2.5D8" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="2.5D" title="2.5D">2.5D</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Isometric_video_game_graphics" title="Isometric video game graphics">Isometric graphics</a></li>

<li><a href="Parallax_scrolling" title="Parallax scrolling">Parallax scrolling</a></li>

<li><a href="Ray_casting" title="Ray casting">Ray casting</a></li>

<li><a href="Skybox_(video_games)" title="Skybox (video games)">Skybox</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="3D_computer_graphics" title="3D computer graphics">3D graphics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="3D_projection" title="3D projection">3D projection</a></li>

<li><a href="3D_rendering" title="3D rendering">3D rendering</a></li>

<li>(<a href="Image-based_modeling_and_rendering" title="Image-based modeling and rendering">Image-based</a></li>

<li><a href="Spectral_rendering" title="Spectral rendering">Spectral</a></li>

<li><a href="Unbiased_rendering" title="Unbiased rendering">Unbiased</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Aliasing" title="Aliasing">Aliasing</a></li>

<li><a href="Anisotropic_filtering" title="Anisotropic filtering">Anisotropic filtering</a></li>

<li><a href="Cel_shading" title="Cel shading">Cel shading</a></li>

<li><a href="Fluid_animation" title="Fluid animation">Fluid animation</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_graphics_lighting" title="Computer graphics lighting">Lighting</a>

<ul><li><a href="Global_illumination" title="Global illumination">Global illumination</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Hidden-surface_determination" title="Hidden-surface determination">Hidden-surface determination</a></li>

<li><a href="Polygon_mesh" title="Polygon mesh">Polygon mesh</a></li>

<li>(<a href="Triangle_mesh" title="Triangle mesh">Triangle mesh</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Shading" title="Shading">Shading</a>

<ul><li><a href="Deferred_shading" title="Deferred shading">Deferred</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Surface_triangulation" title="Surface triangulation">Surface triangulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Wire-frame_model" title="Wire-frame model">Wire-frame model</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Affine_transformation" title="Affine transformation">Affine transformation</a></li>

<li><a href="Back-face_culling" title="Back-face culling">Back-face culling</a></li>

<li><a href="Clipping_(computer_graphics)" title="Clipping (computer graphics)">Clipping</a></li>

<li><a href="Collision_detection" title="Collision detection">Collision detection</a></li>

<li><a href="Planar_projection" title="Planar projection">Planar projection</a></li>

<li><a href="Reflection_(computer_graphics)" title="Reflection (computer graphics)">Reflection</a></li>

<li><a href="Rendering_(computer_graphics)" title="Rendering (computer graphics)">Rendering</a>

<ul><li><a href="Beam_tracing" title="Beam tracing">Beam tracing</a></li>

<li><a href="Cone_tracing" title="Cone tracing">Cone tracing</a></li>

<li><a href="Checkerboard_rendering" title="Checkerboard rendering">Checkerboard rendering</a></li>

<li><a href="Ray_tracing_(graphics)" title="Ray tracing (graphics)">Ray tracing</a></li>

<li><a href="Path_tracing" title="Path tracing">Path tracing</a></li>

<li><a href="Ray_casting" title="Ray casting">Ray casting</a></li>

<li><a href="Scanline_rendering" title="Scanline rendering">Scanline rendering</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Rotation_(mathematics)" title="Rotation (mathematics)">Rotation</a></li>

<li><a href="Scaling_(geometry)" title="Scaling (geometry)">Scaling</a></li>

<li><a href="Shadow_mapping" title="Shadow mapping">Shadow mapping</a></li>

<li><a href="Shadow_volume" title="Shadow volume">Shadow volume</a></li>

<li><a href="Shear_matrix" class="mw-redirect" title="Shear matrix">Shear matrix</a></li>

<li><a href="Shader" title="Shader">Shader</a></li>

<li><a href="Texel_(graphics)" title="Texel (graphics)">Texel</a></li>

<li><a href="Translation_(geometry)" title="Translation (geometry)">Translation</a></li>

<li><a href="Volume_rendering" title="Volume rendering">Volume rendering</a></li>

<li><a href="Voxel" title="Voxel">Voxel</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Graphics_software" title="Graphics software">Graphics software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_3D_computer_graphics_software" title="List of 3D computer graphics software">3D computer graphics software</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_3D_animation_software" title="List of 3D animation software">animation</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_3D_modeling_software" title="List of 3D modeling software">modeling</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_3D_rendering_software" title="List of 3D rendering software">rendering</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Raster_graphics_editor" title="Raster graphics editor">Raster graphics editors</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_vector_graphics_editors" title="Comparison of vector graphics editors">Vector graphics editors</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Algorithms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_computer_graphics_algorithms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of computer graphics algorithms">List of computer graphics algorithms</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Photography245" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Photography245" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Photography" title="Photography">Photography</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Camera" title="Camera">Camera</a>

<ul><li><a href="Light_field_camera" title="Light field camera">light-field</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital</a></li>

<li><a href="Field_camera" title="Field camera">field</a></li>

<li><a href="Instant_camera" title="Instant camera">instant</a></li>

<li><a href="Camera_phone" title="Camera phone">phone</a></li>

<li><a href="Pinhole_camera" title="Pinhole camera">pinhole</a></li>

<li><a href="Press_camera" title="Press camera">press</a></li>

<li><a href="Rangefinder_camera" title="Rangefinder camera">rangefinder</a></li>

<li><a href="Camera" title="Camera">still</a></li>

<li><a href="Darkroom" title="Darkroom">Darkroom</a>

<ul><li><a href="Enlarger" title="Enlarger">enlarger</a></li>

<li><a href="Safelight" title="Safelight">safelight</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Film_format" title="Film format">format</a></li>

<li><a href="Film_holder" title="Film holder">holder</a></li>

<li><a href="Film_stock" title="Film stock">stock</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_photographic_films" title="List of photographic films">available films</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_discontinued_photographic_films" title="List of discontinued photographic films">discontinued films</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Photographic_filter" title="Photographic filter">Filter</a></li>

<li><a href="Flash_(photography)" title="Flash (photography)">Flash</a>

<ul><li><a href="Beauty_dish" title="Beauty dish">beauty dish</a></li>

<li><a href="Cucoloris" title="Cucoloris">cucoloris</a></li>

<li><a href="Monolight" title="Monolight">monolight</a></li>

<li><a href="Reflector_(photography)" title="Reflector (photography)">reflector</a></li>

<li><a href="Snoot" title="Snoot">snoot</a></li>

<li><a href="Softbox" title="Softbox">softbox</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Long-focus_lens" title="Long-focus lens">long-focus</a></li>

<li><a href="Prime_lens" title="Prime lens">prime</a></li>

<li><a href="Wide-angle_lens" title="Wide-angle lens">wide-angle</a></li>

<li><a href="Fisheye_lens" title="Fisheye lens">fisheye</a></li>

<li><a href="Swivel_lens" title="Swivel lens">swivel</a></li>

<li><a href="Telephoto_lens" title="Telephoto lens">telephoto</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_photographic_equipment_makers" title="List of photographic equipment makers">Manufacturers</a></li>

<li><a href="Monopod" title="Monopod">Monopod</a></li>

<li><a href="Movie_projector" title="Movie projector">Movie projector</a></li>

<li><a href="Slide_projector" title="Slide projector">Slide projector</a></li>

<li><a href="Tripod_(photography)" title="Tripod (photography)">Tripod</a>

<li><a href="Zone_plate" title="Zone plate">Zone plate</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="35_mm_equivalent_focal_length" title="35 mm equivalent focal length">35 mm equivalent focal length</a></li>

<li><a href="Angle_of_view_(photography)" title="Angle of view (photography)">Angle of view</a></li>

<li><a href="Aperture" title="Aperture">Aperture</a></li>

<li><a href="Backscatter_(photography)" title="Backscatter (photography)">Backscatter</a></li>

<li><a href="Black-and-white" class="mw-redirect" title="Black-and-white">Black-and-white</a></li>

<li><a href="Chromatic_aberration" title="Chromatic aberration">Chromatic aberration</a></li>

<li><a href="Circle_of_confusion" title="Circle of confusion">Circle of confusion</a></li>

<li><a href="Clipping_(photography)" title="Clipping (photography)">Clipping</a></li>

<li><a href="Color_balance" title="Color balance">Color balance</a></li>

<li><a href="Color_temperature" title="Color temperature">Color temperature</a></li>

<li><a href="Depth_of_field" title="Depth of field">Depth of field</a></li>

<li><a href="Depth_of_focus" title="Depth of focus">Depth of focus</a></li>

<li><a href="Exposure_(photography)" title="Exposure (photography)">Exposure</a></li>

<li><a href="Exposure_compensation" title="Exposure compensation">Exposure compensation</a></li>

<li><a href="Exposure_value" title="Exposure value">Exposure value</a></li>

<li><a href="Zebra_patterning" title="Zebra patterning">Zebra patterning</a></li>

<li><a href="F-number" title="F-number">F-number</a></li>

<li><a href="Film_format" title="Film format">Film format</a>

<ul><li><a href="Large_format" title="Large format">large</a></li>

<li><a href="Medium_format" title="Medium format">medium</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Film_speed" title="Film speed">Film speed</a></li>

<li><a href="Focal_length" title="Focal length">Focal length</a></li>

<li><a href="Guide_number" title="Guide number">Guide number</a></li>

<li><a href="Hyperfocal_distance" title="Hyperfocal distance">Hyperfocal distance</a></li>

<li><a href="Lens_flare" title="Lens flare">Lens flare</a></li>

<li><a href="Metering_mode" title="Metering mode">Metering mode</a></li>

<li><a href="Perspective_distortion" title="Perspective distortion">Perspective distortion</a></li>

<li><a href="Photograph" title="Photograph">Photograph</a></li>

<li><a href="Photographic_printing" title="Photographic printing">Photographic printing</a>

<ul><li><a href="Albumen_print" title="Albumen print">Albumen</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_photographic_processes" title="List of photographic processes">Photographic processes</a></li>

<li><a href="Reciprocity_(photography)" title="Reciprocity (photography)">Reciprocity</a></li>

<li><a href="Red-eye_effect" title="Red-eye effect">Red-eye effect</a></li>

<li><a href="Science_of_photography" title="Science of photography">Science of photography</a></li>

<li><a href="Shutter_speed" title="Shutter speed">Shutter speed</a></li>

<li><a href="Zone_System" title="Zone System">Zone System</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abstract_photography" title="Abstract photography">Abstract</a></li>

<li><a href="Aerial_photography" title="Aerial photography">Aerial</a></li>

<li><a href="Aircraft_spotting" title="Aircraft spotting">Aircraft</a></li>

<li><a href="Architectural_photography" title="Architectural photography">Architectural</a></li>

<li><a href="Astrophotography" title="Astrophotography">Astrophotography</a></li>

<li><a href="Banquet_photography" title="Banquet photography">Banquet</a></li>

<li><a href="Candid_photography" title="Candid photography">Candid</a></li>

<li><a href="Conceptual_photography" title="Conceptual photography">Conceptual</a></li>

<li><a href="Conservation_photography" title="Conservation photography">Conservation</a></li>

<li><a href="Cloudscape_photography" title="Cloudscape photography">Cloudscape</a></li>

<li><a href="Documentary_photography" title="Documentary photography">Documentary</a></li>

<li><a href="Eclipse_photography" title="Eclipse photography">Eclipse</a></li>

<li><a href="Visual_anthropology" title="Visual anthropology">Ethnographic</a></li>

<li><a href="Erotic_photography" title="Erotic photography">Erotic</a></li>

<li><a href="Fashion_photography" title="Fashion photography">Fashion</a></li>

<li><a href="Forensic_photography" title="Forensic photography">Forensic</a></li>

<li><a href="Glamour_photography" title="Glamour photography">Glamour</a></li>

<li><a href="High-speed_photography" title="High-speed photography">High-speed</a></li>

<li><a href="Landscape_photography" title="Landscape photography">Landscape</a></li>

<li><a href="Monochrome_photography" title="Monochrome photography">Monochrome</a></li>

<li><a href="Nature_photography" title="Nature photography">Nature</a></li>

<li><a href="Neues_Sehen" title="Neues Sehen">Neues Sehen</a></li>

<li><a href="Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">Photojournalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Pictorialism" title="Pictorialism">Pictorialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Pornography" title="Pornography">Pornography</a></li>

<li><a href="Portrait_photography" title="Portrait photography">Portrait</a></li>

<li><a href="Post-mortem_photography" title="Post-mortem photography">Post-mortem</a></li>

<li><a href="Ruins_photography" title="Ruins photography">Ruins</a></li>

<li><a href="Selfie" title="Selfie">Selfie</a>

<ul><li><a href="Space_selfie" title="Space selfie">space selfie</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Social_documentary_photography" title="Social documentary photography">Social documentary</a></li>

<li><a href="Sports_photography" title="Sports photography">Sports</a></li>

<li><a href="Still_life_photography" title="Still life photography">Still life</a></li>

<li><a href="Stock_photography" title="Stock photography">Stock</a></li>

<li><a href="Straight_photography" title="Straight photography">Straight photography</a></li>

<li><a href="Street_photography" title="Street photography">Street</a></li>

<li><a href="Underwater_photography" title="Underwater photography">Underwater</a></li>

<li><a href="Vernacular_photography" title="Vernacular photography">Vernacular</a></li>

<li><a href="Wedding_photography" title="Wedding photography">Wedding</a></li>

<li><a href="Wildlife_photography" title="Wildlife photography">Wildlife</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Afocal_photography" title="Afocal photography">Afocal</a></li>

<li><a href="Bokeh" title="Bokeh">Bokeh</a></li>

<li><a href="Brenizer_method" title="Brenizer method">Brenizer</a></li>

<li><a href="Burst_mode_(photography)" title="Burst mode (photography)">Burst mode</a></li>

<li><a href="Contre-jour" title="Contre-jour">Contre-jour</a></li>

<li><a href="Crittercam" title="Crittercam">Crittercam</a> (<a href="Pigeon_photography" title="Pigeon photography">Pigeon photography</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Fill_flash" title="Fill flash">Fill flash</a></li>

<li><a href="Fireworks_photography" title="Fireworks photography">Fireworks</a></li>

<li><a href="Hand-colouring_of_photographs" title="Hand-colouring of photographs">Hand-colouring</a></li>

<li><a href="Harris_shutter" title="Harris shutter">Harris shutter</a></li>

<li><a href="High-speed_photography" title="High-speed photography">High-speed</a></li>

<li><a href="Holography" title="Holography">Holography</a></li>

<li><a href="Infrared_photography" title="Infrared photography">Infrared</a></li>

<li><a href="Intentional_camera_movement" title="Intentional camera movement">Intentional camera movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Kirlian_photography" title="Kirlian photography">Kirlian</a></li>

<li><a href="Kite_aerial_photography" title="Kite aerial photography">Kite aerial</a></li>

<li><a href="Lo-fi_photography" title="Lo-fi photography">Lo-fi photography</a></li>

<li><a href="Lomography" title="Lomography">Lomography</a></li>

<li><a href="Long-exposure_photography" title="Long-exposure photography">Long-exposure</a></li>

<li><a href="Luminogram" title="Luminogram">Luminogram</a></li>

<li><a href="Macro_photography" title="Macro photography">Macro</a></li>

<li><a href="Mordan%C3%A7age" title="Mordançage">Mordançage</a></li>

<li><a href="Multiple_exposure" title="Multiple exposure">Multiple exposure</a></li>

<li><a href="Multi-exposure_HDR_capture" title="Multi-exposure HDR capture">Multi-exposure HDR capture</a></li>

<li><a href="Night_photography" title="Night photography">Night</a></li>

<li><a href="Panning_(camera)" title="Panning (camera)">Panning</a></li>

<li><a href="Panoramic_photography" title="Panoramic photography">Panoramic</a></li>

<li><a href="Photogram" title="Photogram">Photogram</a></li>

<li><a href="Photographic_print_toning" title="Photographic print toning">Print toning</a></li>

<li><a href="Redscale" title="Redscale">Redscale</a></li>

<li><a href="Rephotography" title="Rephotography">Rephotography</a></li>

<li><a href="Rollout_photography" title="Rollout photography">Rollout</a></li>

<li><a href="Scanography" title="Scanography">Scanography</a></li>

<li><a href="Schlieren_photography" title="Schlieren photography">Schlieren photography</a></li>

<li><a href="Sabattier_effect" title="Sabattier effect">Sabattier effect</a></li>

<li><a href="Slow_motion" title="Slow motion">Slow motion</a></li>

<li><a href="Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopy</a></li>

<li><a href="Stopping_down" title="Stopping down">Stopping down</a></li>

<li><a href="Strip_photography" title="Strip photography">Strip</a>

<li><a href="Sprocket_hole_photography" title="Sprocket hole photography">Sprocket hole</a></li>

<li><a href="Sun_printing" title="Sun printing">Sun printing</a></li>

<li><a href="Tilt%E2%80%93shift_photography" title="Tilt–shift photography">Tilt–shift</a>

<ul><li><a href="Miniature_faking" title="Miniature faking">Miniature faking</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Time-lapse_photography" title="Time-lapse photography">Time-lapse</a></li>

<li><a href="Ultraviolet_photography" title="Ultraviolet photography">Ultraviolet</a></li>

<li><a href="Vignetting" title="Vignetting">Vignetting</a></li>

<li><a href="Xerox_art" title="Xerox art">Xerography</a></li>

<li><a href="Zoom_burst" title="Zoom burst">Zoom burst</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Composition_(visual_arts)" title="Composition (visual arts)">Composition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Diagonal_method" title="Diagonal method">Diagonal method</a></li>

<li><a href="Framing_(visual_arts)" title="Framing (visual arts)">Framing</a></li>

<li><a href="Headroom_(photographic_framing)" title="Headroom (photographic framing)">Headroom</a></li>

<li><a href="Rule_of_thirds" title="Rule of thirds">Rule of thirds</a></li>

<li><a href="Simplicity_(photography)" title="Simplicity (photography)">Simplicity</a></li>

<li><a href="Golden_triangle_(composition)" title="Golden triangle (composition)">Golden triangle (composition)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="History_of_photography" title="History of photography">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_photography_technology" title="Timeline of photography technology">Timeline of photography technology</a></li>

<li><a href="Ambrotype" title="Ambrotype">Ambrotype</a></li>

<li><a href="Film_photography" class="mw-redirect" title="Film photography">Film photography</a></li>

<li><a href="Autochrome_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Autochrome Lumière">Autochrome Lumière</a></li>

<li><a href="Box_camera" title="Box camera">Box camera</a></li>

<li><a href="Calotype" title="Calotype">Calotype</a></li>

<li><a href="Camera_obscura" title="Camera obscura">Camera obscura</a></li>

<li><a href="Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">Daguerreotype</a></li>

<li><a href="Dufaycolor" title="Dufaycolor">Dufaycolor</a></li>

<li><a href="Heliography" title="Heliography">Heliography</a></li>

<li><a href="Lippmann_plate" title="Lippmann plate">Lippmann plate</a></li>

<li><a href="Painted_photography_backdrops" title="Painted photography backdrops">Painted photography backdrops</a></li>

<li><a href="Photography_and_the_law" title="Photography and the law">Photography and the law</a></li>

<li><a href="Photographic_plate" title="Photographic plate">Glass plate</a></li>

<li><a href="Tintype" title="Tintype">Tintype</a></li>

<li><a href="Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Photography_in_Albania" title="Photography in Albania">Albania</a></li>

<li><a href="Photography_in_Bangladesh" title="Photography in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li>

<li><a href="Photography_in_Canada" title="Photography in Canada">Canada</a></li>

<li><a href="Photography_in_China" title="Photography in China">China</a></li>

<li><a href="Photography_in_Denmark" title="Photography in Denmark">Denmark</a></li>

<li><a href="Photography_in_Greece" title="Photography in Greece">Greece</a></li>

<li><a href="Photography_in_India" title="Photography in India">India</a></li>

<li><a href="Photography_in_Japan" title="Photography in Japan">Japan</a></li>

<li><a href="Photography_in_Korea" title="Photography in Korea">Korea</a></li>

<li><a href="Photography_in_Luxembourg" title="Photography in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li>

<li><a href="Photography_in_Norway" title="Photography in Norway">Norway</a></li>

<li><a href="Photography_in_the_Philippines" title="Photography in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li>

<li><a href="Photography_in_Serbia" title="Photography in Serbia">Serbia</a></li>

<li><a href="Photography_in_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Photography in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li>

<li><a href="Photography_in_Sudan" title="Photography in Sudan">Sudan</a></li>

<li><a href="Photography_in_Taiwan" title="Photography in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li>

<li><a href="Photography_in_Turkey" title="Photography in Turkey">Turkey</a></li>

<li><a href="Photography_in_Ukraine" title="Photography in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li>

<li><a href="Photography_in_the_United_States" title="Photography in the United States">United States</a></li>

<li><a href="Photography_in_Uzbekistan" title="Photography in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li>

<li><a href="Photography_in_Vietnam" title="Photography in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Digital_photography" title="Digital photography">Digital photography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">Digital camera</a>

<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_digital_SLRs" title="Comparison of digital SLRs">comparison</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Digital_camera_back" title="Digital camera back">camera back</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Digiscoping" title="Digiscoping">Digiscoping</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_digital_and_film_photography" title="Comparison of digital and film photography">Comparison of digital and film photography</a></li>

<li><a href="Film_scanner" title="Film scanner">Film scanner</a></li>

<li><a href="Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">Image sensor</a>

<li><a href="Three-CCD_camera" title="Three-CCD camera">Three-CCD camera</a></li>

<li><a href="Foveon_X3_sensor" title="Foveon X3 sensor">Foveon X3 sensor</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Image_sharing" title="Image sharing">Image sharing</a></li>

</ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Color_photography" title="Color photography">Color photography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Color_print_film" title="Color print film">Print film</a>

<ul><li><a href="Chromogenic_print" title="Chromogenic print">Chromogenic print</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Reversal_film" title="Reversal film">Reversal film</a></li>

<li><a href="Color_management" title="Color management">Color management</a>

<ul><li><a href="Color_space" title="Color space">color space</a></li>

<li><a href="Primary_color" title="Primary color">primary color</a></li>

<li><a href="CMYK_color_model" title="CMYK color model">CMYK color model</a></li>

<li><a href="RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">RGB color model</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Photographic_processing" title="Photographic processing">Photographic<br>processing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bleach_bypass" title="Bleach bypass">Bleach bypass</a></li>

<li><a href="C-41_process" title="C-41 process">C-41 process</a></li>

<li><a href="Collodion_process" title="Collodion process">Collodion process</a></li>

<li><a href="Cross_processing" title="Cross processing">Cross processing</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyanotype" title="Cyanotype">Cyanotype</a></li>

<li><a href="Photographic_developer" title="Photographic developer">Developer</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">Digital image processing</a></li>

<li><a href="Dye_coupler" title="Dye coupler">Dye coupler</a></li>

<li><a href="E-6_process" title="E-6 process">E-6 process</a></li>

<li><a href="Photographic_fixer" title="Photographic fixer">Fixer</a></li>

<li><a href="Gelatin_silver_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelatin silver process">Gelatin silver process</a></li>

<li><a href="Gum_printing" title="Gum printing">Gum printing</a></li>

<li><a href="Instant_film" title="Instant film">Instant film</a></li>

<li><a href="K-14_process" title="K-14 process">K-14 process</a></li>

<li><a href="Print_permanence" title="Print permanence">Print permanence</a></li>

<li><a href="Push_processing" title="Push processing">Push processing</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_largest_photographs" title="List of largest photographs">Largest photographs</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_most_expensive_photographs" title="List of most expensive photographs">Most expensive photographs</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_museums_devoted_to_one_photographer" title="List of museums devoted to one photographer">Museums devoted to one photographer</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_photographs_considered_the_most_important" title="List of photographs considered the most important">Photographs considered the most important</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_photographers" title="List of photographers">Photographers</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_Norwegian_photographers" title="List of Norwegian photographers">Norwegian</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Polish_photographers" title="List of Polish photographers">Polish</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_street_photographers" title="List of street photographers">street</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_women_photographers" title="List of women photographers">women</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_photography_periodicals" title="List of photography periodicals">Photography periodicals</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographs" title="Conservation and restoration of photographs">Conservation and restoration of photographs</a>

<li><a href="Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographic_plates" title="Conservation and restoration of photographic plates">photographic plates</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Polaroid_art" title="Polaroid art">Polaroid art</a></li>

<li><a href="Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopy</a></li>

<li><a href="Say_cheese" title="Say cheese">Say cheese</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-08-06" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Pixel&oldid=1304463853">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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